A REVIEW OF APPROACHES TO MODELING MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

Abstract

This article presents a historical and methodological overview of the evolution of approaches to modeling marine ecosystems, from the first empirical generalizations and stoichiometric schemes of the first half of the 20th century to modern hybrid systems that combine deterministic equations with machine learning methods. It traces the transformation of models from point (0D) and box reservoir structures to multidimensional coupled physical-biogeochemical complexes that integrate hydrodynamics, nutrient cycling, and trophic interactions. Modern models are systematized according to four levels of complexity: biogeochemical, trophodynamic, fishery management, and end-to-end. Key software frameworks (FABM, Oceananigans) that enable the modular integration of hydrodynamic and biogeochemical blocks are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to promising areas – fundamental models and the concept of a “digital ocean twin”, operating in real time based on the assimilation of satellite and field data. It is shown that modeling is becoming a fundamental tool in the “blue economy”, enabling the transition from reactive to proactive management of marine resources. The results of this review may be useful to specialists in oceanography, marine ecology, and developers of forecasting systems.